The Immune Aging in Elderly and the Potential Impact on the Immune Response against SARS-Cov-2 in Covid -19 Patients

Main Article Content

Chateen I. Ali Pambuk
Usama Murad Ibraheem
Fatma Mustafa Muhammad

Abstract

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. While most people infected with COVID-19 will have mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without needing special treatment, the elderly are more likely to develop serious illness.


With the ongoing mutation of the emerging coronavirus and the growing list of its symptoms, it is becoming increasingly necessary to remain vigilant about the signs of COVID-19. COVID-19 symptoms are different in the elderly compared to others. Some of these symptoms may be missing in the elderly and the aging of the immune system may play a role in your guide. The aim of this descriptive minireview, generally, is to shed light on The immune aging in elderly and the potential impact on the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in Covid -19 patients.

Article Details

How to Cite
Pambuk, C. I. A. ., Ibraheem, U. M. ., & Muhammad, F. M. . (2022). The Immune Aging in Elderly and the Potential Impact on the Immune Response against SARS-Cov-2 in Covid -19 Patients. International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research Studies, 2(08), 857–859. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmscrs/v2-i8-26
Section
Articles

References

I. Cunha LL, Perazzio SF, Azzi J, Cravedi P, Riella LV. Remodeling of the Immune Response With Aging: Immunosenescence and Its Potential Impact on COVID-19 Immune Response. Front Immunol. 2020; 11:1748. Published 2020 Aug 7. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01748

II. NIH Coronavirus (COVID-19). National Institutes of Health; (2020). Available online at: https://www.nih.gov/health-information/coronavirus (accessed April 19, 2020).

III. Weng NP. Aging of the immune system: how much can the adaptive immune system adapt? Immunity. (2006) 24:495–9. 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.05.001

IV. Sadighi Akha AA. Aging and the immune system: An overview. J Immunol Methods. (2018) 463:21–6. 10.1016/j.jim.2018.08.005

V. Rohrmann S. Epidemiology of Frailty in Older People. Adv Exp Med Biol. (2020) 1216:21–7. 10.1007/978-3-030-33330-0_3

VI. Gebhard, C, Regitz-Zagrosek, VR, Neuhauser, HK, et al. Impact of sex gender on Covid-19 outcomes in Europe. Biol Sex Diff 2020; 11: 29.

VII. Giefing-Kroll, C, Berger, P, Lepperdinger, G, et al. How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination. Aging Cell 2015; 14(3): 309–321.

VIII. Márquez, EJ, Trowbridge, J, Kuchel, GA, et al. The lethal sex gap: COVID-19. Immun Age 2020; 17: 13.

IX. Zeng, F, Dai, C, Cai, P, et al. A comparison study of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody between male and female COVID-19 patients: a possible reason underlying different outcome between gender. medRxiv preprint, 2020,

X. Fischinger, S, Boudreau, CM, Butler, AL, et al. Sex differences in vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41(2): 239–249.

XI. Jiang, HW, Li, Y, Zhang, HN, et al. Global profiling of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG/IgM responses of convalescents using a proteome microarray. medRxi preprint, 2020,

XII. Neumann-Podczaska A, Al-Saad SR, Karbowski LM, Chojnicki M, Tobis S, Wieczorowska-Tobis K. COVID 19 - Clinical Picture in the Elderly Population: A Qualitative Systematic Review. Aging Dis. 2020; 11(4):988-1008. Published 2020 Jul 23. doi:10.14336/AD.2020.0620

XIII. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 395: 497-506.

XIV. Wang L, He W, Yu X, et al. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Infect Prev, 80(6): 639-645.