Renal Failure, Types, Causes and Etiology: A Review Article
Main Article Content
Abstract
Renal failure is the most important disease that causes losing in the efficiency of kidney and is renal failure or may called end stage kidney disease where capacity for kidney become 15% less than the normal levels .This disease can be classified into two types : first (acute kidney failure ) which may resolve and it rapidly developed .Second (chronic kidney failure) : it slowly developed and may become a permanent condition
Symptoms of Renal failure include vomiting; swelling in the legs; a loss of appetite; confusion and tiredness. Several complications occurred which include high blood potassium ; volume overload and uremia in acute condition while high blood pressure; anemia and heart disease in the chronic condition.
There are several factors that may lead to the progress of acute renal failure conditions such as hypotension, a blockage of the urinary tract, hemolytic uremic syndrome and some medications.While diabetes ,hypertension, polycystic renal disease and nephrotic syndrome represent the major causes of chronic renal failure . Signs that help in identification of acute and chronic renal failure based on mishmash of several factors and help in distinguish between its types such as increasing of creatinine levels and decreasing of urine production are the signs of acute failure while decrease the rate of glomerular filtration to below of 15 or therapy with renal replacement are the signs of chronic renal failure.
Acute failure can be treated depending on the main causes , on the other hand may use dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) or kidney transplant in order treating chronic failure.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. Kidney Failure". (2017).National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
II. "What is renal failure?". Johns Hopkins Medicine.(2017). Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
III. Blakeley, Sara (2010). Renal Failure and Replacement Therapies. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 19. ISBN 9781846289378.
IV. KDIGO AKI Work Group. (2012).KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. Suppl. 2, 1–138 (2012).
V. Bhatraju, P. K. et al. (2020).Association between early recovery of kidney function after acute kidney injury and long- term clinical outcomes. JAMA Netw. Open 3, e202682 (2020).
VI. Chu, R. et al.(2014) Assessment of KDIGO definitions in patients with histopathologic evidence of acute renal disease. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9, 1175–1182 (2014).
VII. Mehta, R. L. et al.(2016) Recognition and management of acute kidney injury in the International Society of Nephrology 0by25 Global Snapshot: a multinational cross- sectional study. Lancet 387, 2017–2025 (2016).
VIII. Liao, Min-Tser; Sung, Chih-Chien; Hung, Kuo-Chin; Wu, Chia-Chao; Lo, Lan; Lu, Kuo-Cheng (2012). "Insulin Resistance in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2012: 1–5. doi:10.1155/2012/691369. PMC 3420350. PMID 22919275.
IX. Cheung, Alfred K. (2005). Primer on Kidney Diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 457. ISBN 1416023127.
X. Clatworthy, Menna (2010). Nephrology: Clinical Cases Uncovered. John Wiley & Sons. p. 28. ISBN 9781405189903.
XI. Ferri, Fred F. (2017). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 37. ISBN 9780323529570.
XII. National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (2012). "The Kidneys and How They Work". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
XIII. Kes, Petar; Basić-Jukić, Nikolina; Ljutić, Dragan; Brunetta-Gavranić, Bruna (2011). "Ulogaarterijskehipertenzije u nastankukroničnogzatajenjabubrega" [The role of arterial hypertension in the development of chronic renal failure] (PDF). Acta MedicaCroatica (in Croatian). 65 (Suppl 3): 78–84. PMID 23120821. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-19.
XIV. Perneger, Thomas V.; Whelton, Paul K.; Klag, Michael J. (1994). "Risk of Kidney Failure Associated with the Use of Acetaminophen, Aspirin, and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs". New England Journal of Medicine. 331 (25): 1675–79. doi:10.1056/NEJM199412223312502. PMID 7969358.
XV. Appel, Gerald B; Mustonen, Jukka (2012). "Renal involvement with hantavirus infection (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome)". UpToDate. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
XVI. Bostrom, M. A.; Freedman, B. I. (2010). "The Spectrum of MYH9-Associated Nephropathy". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 5 (6): 1107–13. doi:10.2215/CJN.08721209. PMC 4890964. PMID 20299374.
XVII. Genovese, Giulio; Friedman, David J.; Ross, Michael D.; Lecordier, Laurence; Uzureau, Pierrick; Freedman, Barry I.; Bowden, Donald W.; Langefeld, Carl D.; et al. (2010). "Association of Trypanolytic ApoL1 Variants with Kidney Disease in African Americans". Science. 329 (5993): 841–45. Bibcode:2010Sci...329..841G. doi:10.1126/science.1193032. PMC 2980843. PMID 20647424.
XVIII. Tzur, Shay; Rosset, Saharon; Shemer, Revital; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Selig, Sara; Tarekegn, Ayele; Bekele, Endashaw; Bradman, Neil; et al. (2010). "Missense mutations in the APOL1 gene are highly associated with end stage kidney disease risk previously attributed to the MYH9 gene". Human Genetics. 128 (3): 345–50. doi:10.1007/s00439-010-0861-0. PMC 2921485. PMID 20635188.
XIX. Brenner, Schlondorff DO.(2008). Overview of factors contributing to the pathophysiology of progressive renal disease. Kidney Int 2008;74:860-6.
XX. Lindner A, Sherrard DJ. (1996).Acute renal failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996 Oct 24;335(17):1320-1; author reply 1321-2.[PubMed: 8992330]
XXI. Almirall J.(2016). Sodium Excretion, Cardiovascular Disease, and Chronic Kidney Disease. JAMA. 2016 Sep13;316(10):1112. [PubMed: 27623468]
XXII. -Correa A, Patel A, Chauhan K, Shah H, Saha A, Dave M, Poojary P, Mishra A, Annapureddy N, Dalal S,Konstantinidis I, Nimma R, Agarwal SK, Chan L, Nadkarni G, Pinney S.(2018). National Trends and Outcomes in Dialysis-Requiring Acute Kidney Injury in Heart Failure: 2002-2013. J. Card. Fail. 2018 Jul;24(7):442-450[PubMed: 29730235]
XXIII. Garg AX, Kiberd BA, Clark WF, Haynes RB, Clase CM.(2002). Albuminuria and renal insufficiency prevalence guides population screening: results from the NHANES III. Kidney Int. 2002 Jun;61(6):2165-75. [PubMed: 12028457]
XXIV. McDonald SP.(2015). Australia and New Zealand dialysis and transplant registry Kidney Int Suppl. 2015;5(1):39−44.
XXV. National Institutes of Health. Kidney disease statistics for the United States. Washington, DC. 2016.
XXVI. National Institutes of Health. Kidney Disease Statistics for the United States. Washington, DC. 2012.
XXVII. Stanifer JW, Jing B, Tolan S, et al.(2014). The epidemiology of chronic kidneydisease in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(3):e174−e181.
XXVIII. Ruggenenti P, Schieppati A, Remuzzi G: (2001).Progression, remission, regressionof chronic renal diseases. Lancet 2001, 357(9268):1601–8.